Thursday, 15 May 2014

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Practice Questions - Issue, forfeiture, reissue and valuation of rights

1.       The Bharat Trading Co. Ltd with a registered capital of Rs.100000 issued 5000 equity shares of Rs.10 each payable Rs.2 on application, Rs.2 on allotment, Rs.3 on first call and Rs.3 on final call. Pass journal entries assuming the shares issued were fully subscribed and the money has been received.
2.      P Ltd issued a prospectus inviting applications for 100000 equity shares of Rs.10 each, payable as Rs.2 with application, Rs.3 on allotment and the balance on first and final call. Applications were received for 80000 shares. The call was also made in due course of time. All the money were duly received. Journalize the transactions including cash transactions.
3.       On 1st march 2001 Alpha Co. Ltd issued 25000 10% preference shares of Rs.25 each payable as Rs.4 with application, Rs.6 with allotment and balance in two equal calls of Rs.7.50 each. Applications were received 51000 shares. The Board of Directors rejected applications for 1000 shares and allotted shares on the remaining applications on prorate basis on 1st April 2001. First call was made three months after allotment where as second call was made four months after first call. In each case 14 days notice was served. All the money was duly received. Pass journal entries.
4.       Sunshine Ltd makes an issue of 100000 equity shares of Rs.10 each payable Rs.3 on application, Rs.5 on allotment and Rs.2 on first and final call. Applications were received for 250000 shares. The directors returned the application money on 24000 shares and the excess application money received from the remaining applicants was carried forward in part satisfaction on the accounts due on allotment on the shares allotted to them. The company did not make first and final call. Show journal entries.
5.      A Ltd issued a prospectus inviting application for 100000 equity shares of Rs.10 each payable as to Rs.2 with application, Rs.3 on allotment and balance at the discretion of directors. The number of applications amounted to 120000 shares. The allotment was made as follows;
To applicants of 80000 shares            - full allotment
To applicants of 30000 shares            - 20000 shares
To applicants of 10000 shares            - nil
Give journal entries assuming the entire sum due on allotment has been received and no call has been made.
6.      Beta Ltd. having a nominal capital of Rs.2000000 in shares payable as follows:
On application            Rs.25
On allotment               Rs.25
On first call                 Rs.20
On final call                Rs.20
The company received applications for 9000 shares. All the applications were accepted. All money due are received with the exception of final call in 200 shares, later these shares were forfeited and reissued as fully paid at Rs.90 per shares. Give journal entries.
7.       The Directors of ABC Ltd. resolved on 1st May 2002 that 2000 ordinary shares of Rs.10 each, Rs.7.50 paid, be forfeited for nonpayment of final call of Rs.2.50. On June 10, 2002 1800 of the above shares were reissued for Rs.6 per share. Show journal entries required to give effect to the above transactions.
8.      A Ltd, had its issued share capital comprising 20000 equity shares of Rs.10 each payable as Rs.2 on application, Rs.3 on allotment (including premium) Rs.3 on first call and Rs.3 on final call. The shares were called up to first call. All the money was received except from A holding 300 shares, who paid only up to application and except from B holding 100 shares who paid up to allotment. All these shares are forfeited. All these shares were reissued to C on payment of Rs.6 per share and as paid up to the same extent as other shares. Pass journal entries for forfeiture and reissue of shares.
9.      X Ltd issued 10000 equity shares of Rs.10 each payable as under;
Rs.2 on application
Rs.5 on allotment
Rs.3 on first and final call
The public applied for 8000 shares which were allotted. All the money due on shares was received except the first and final call on 100 shares. These shares were forfeited and reissued at Rs.8 per share. Show the journal entries in the books of the company.
10.  Give journal entries for the above forfeiture and reissue of shares.
a) X Ltd forfeited 30 shares of Rs.10 each fully called up, held by Karim for nonpayment of allotment money of Rs.3 per share and final call of Rs.4 per share. He had paid the application of Rs.3 per share. These shares were reissued to Salim for Rs.8 per share.
b) X Ltd forfeited 10 shares of Rs.10 each (Rs.6 called up) issued at a discount of 10% to Neeta on which she had paid Rs.2 per share. Out of these, 8 shares were reissued as Rs 8 called up for Rs.6 per share.
11.  A company issue 10000 shares of face value Rs.10 each payable Rs.3 on application, Rs.3 on allotment, Rs.2 on first call and Rs.2 on final call. All cash is duly received, except the final call on 200 shares. These are subsequently forfeited and later on issued as fully paid at Rs.7 per share. Pass journal entries.
12.  A Ltd issued 10000 shares of Rs.100 each at a premium of 5% payable as follows;
On application Rs.25, on allotment Rs.45 (including premium) on final call Rs.35. The applications were received for 9000 shares and all of these shares were accepted. All money due were received except final call on 100 shares, which were forfeited. Of these 50 shares were reissued at Rs.90 as fully paid. Draft journal entries.
13.  A Ltd forfeited 100 shares of Rs.10 each issued at a premium of Re.1 per share to Hameed who had applied for 150 shares for nonpayment of allotment money of Rs.4 per share (including premium) and the first and final call of Rs.5 per share. Out of these 60 shares were re issued to Sasi credited as fully paid for Rs.8 per share. Give journal entries relating to forfeiture and re issue of shares.
14.  A company forfeits 100 shares of Rs.10 each, originally issued at a premium of Rs.2 per share. The shareholder paid Rs.4 per share on application did not pay the allotment money of Rs.4 per share (including premium) and call money of Rs.4 per share. The company takes credit for the premium as soon as it becomes due. The shares were subsequently re issued at Rs.11 per share fully paid up. Pass journal entries.
15.  300 shares of Rs.10 each fully called up were forfeited by Bharat Ltd. for nonpayment of first call of Rs.3 and final call of Rs.4 per share. Of these 100 shares were reissued at Rs.8 per share and 80 shares at Rs.8.50 per share. Show journal entries for forfeiture and issue.
16.  A company offers to its equity shareholders the right to buy one equity share of Rs.100 each at Rs.120 for every four equity shares of Rs.100 each held. The market value of one equity share is Rs.180. Calculate the value of right.
17.  A Ltd has a share capital of 5000 equity shares of Rs.100 each having market value of Rs.150 per share. The company wants to raise additional funds of Rs.120000 and offers                                          to equity shareholders the right to apply for new shares at Rs.120 for every 5 shares held. You are required to calculate value of right.
18.  100 shares of Rs.100 each issued at 5% discount are forfeited by a company for non-payment of allotment money of Rs.20 per share. All these shares were reissued at Rs.80 per share. Give journal entries for forfeiture and reissue of shares.
19.  Bhim Sen Ltd. issued 60000 equity shares of Rs.20 each at a discount of 5% and 9000 10% preference shares of Rs.100 each at 3% discount. The amounts payable in respect of the shares were as under:
Equity shares – Rs.10 on application, Rs.5 on allotment, and the balance on a call to be made in 3 months time,
Preference shares - Rs.60 on application, Rs.25 on a call to be made in 3 months time, the balance due is payable at the time of allotment.
All moneys were duly received. Journalize the transactions (excluding calls) in the company’s books.

20.  The following particulars are given from the books and records of Standard Products Ltd. relating to issue and forfeiture of equity shares during January to April 2006.
The amount per share was payable as under:
Rs.3 on application, Rs.5 on allotment (including Rs.2 as premium) Rs.4 on first and final call.
                                                            No. of shares                      No. of Shares
 allotted for                           applied for
            Category I                                             20000                                                30000
            Category II                                            10000                                                10000
            Category III                                               NIL                                                5000
            Allotment were made prorate to category I
            Mr. Giri who applied for 450 shares in category I failed to pay allotment and call money and his shares were forfeited by the Directors. Subsequently, 200 forfeited shares were reissued to Mr. Puri as fully paid for Rs.9 per share.
Show journal entries to record the above transactions.
21.  Dhananjay Ltd. had issued 50000 equity shares of Rs.50 each at par, payable as Rs.25 on application, Rs.10 on allotment, Rs.10 on first call and Rs.5 on second and final call. Applications were received for all the shares and the company made the allotment to all applicants and also made allthe calls. The company received all the amounts except;
a.      First call on 1200 shares.
b.      Second call on 2000 shares (including the above 1200 shares)
Having passed the necessary resolution, the company forfeited the above shares. All the forfeited shares were reissued at Rs.12 per share. Pass journal entries.
22.  A Ltd Co  issued a prospectus inviting applications for 2000 shares of Rs.10 each at a premium Rs.2 per share payable as follows;
On application Rs.2
On allotment Rs.5 (including premium)
On first call Rs.3
On second call Rs.2
Applications were received for 3000 shares and allotment made pro rata to the applicants of 2400 shares. Money over paid on application was employed on account of sum due on allotment.
Kumar, to whom 40 shares were allotted, failed to pay the allotment money and on his subsequent failure to pay the first call, his shares were forfeited. Raja, the holder of 60 shares, failed to pay the two calls, and his shares were forfeited after the second call. Of these shares forfeited 80 shares were sold to Albert credited as fully paid for Rs.9 per share, the whole of Kumar’s shares being included.
Show journal, cash book and the balance sheet.
23.  Madan and Co. Ltd issued 12000 equity shares of Rs.10 each at a premium of Rs.2 per share payable as follows;
On application                                    Rs.2 per share
On allotment (including premium)        Rs.5 per share
On first call                                         Rs.5 per share
Applications were received for 20000 shares. 5000 applications were rejected and application money refunded. Allotment was made pro rata to the applicants of 15000 shares and money over paid on application was applied towards amount due on allotment.
Jain to whom 1200 shares were allotted failed to pay the allotment and first call money. His shares were forfeited. Give entries in the books of the company.
24.  M/s Blue Chips Ltd. issued 5000 equity shares of Rs.100 each at a premium of Rs.25 per share. On 1st January 2000, the company received 12000 applications on which 2000 applications were totally rejected and their amount was refunded on 1st February 2000 when the remaining applicants were allotted shares on pro rata basis. The amount of shares received is as under:
On application Rs.30, on allotment Rs.45 (including premium), on first call Rs.25 and on second call Rs.25.
Allotment money was received in full on 15th February.
First call was made on 15th May, 2000 and received on 1st June 2000 except on 25 shares held by Mr. Govind. His shares were forfeited on 1st October 2000 and reissued on 15th October2000 credited at Rs.75 paid for Rs.110 per share to Mr. Anand. Final call was made on 1st November and received on 15th November except on 100 shares held by Mr. Binu.
Pass journal entries.


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Wednesday, 14 May 2014

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Journal Entries - Issue of Shares

Journal Entries for Issue of Shares
1
1.       On receipt of application money
                Bank A/c                                              Dr ( for the full amount received on application)
                                To Share application A/c
2
2.       On acceptance of application
                Share application A/c                    Dr ( with the application money on allotted shares)
                                To Share capital A/c
When shares are issued at premium, and premium is payable with application money
              Share application A/c                       Dr ( with the application money + premium on allotted shares)
                                To Share capital                        ( application money only)
                                To Security Premium A/c        (amount of premium)
When excess  of application money is returned
              Share application A/c                          Dr          
                                To Bank A/c
3
3.       On making allotment due
                Share allotment A/c                       Dr ( with the allotment money on allotted shares)
                                To Share capital
When shares are issued at premium, and premium is payable with allotment  money
              Share allotment A/c                          Dr ( with the allotment money + premium on allotted shares)
                                To Share capital                        ( allotment money only)
                             To Security Premium A/c        (amount of premium)
When shares are issued at discount
              Share allotment A/c                          Dr (with the allotment money on allotted shares)
              Discount on issue of shares A/c           Dr (amount of discount)
                                To Share capital                        ( allotment money + discount )
4
When excess application money if any is adjusted towards allotment
                 Share application A/c                          Dr (amount adjusted to allotment)   
                               To Share allotment A/c
4.       On receipt of allotment money
                Bank A/c                                              Dr (with the actual amount received)
                                To Share allotment A/c
When any advance money is paid towards any calls together with the allotment money
                 Bank A/c                                             Dr (with the actual amount received)
                                To Share allotment A/c
                             To Calls in advance A/c           (advance amount received)
5
5.       On making first/second/final call
                Share first call A/c                           Dr ( with the call money on allotted shares)
                                To Share capital A/c
6

When excess application money if any is adjusted towards call
                 Share application A/c                          Dr (amount adjusted to call) 
                               To Share first/second/final A/c
When adjusting calls in advance to first/second/final call
                 Calls in advance A/c                          Dr (advance amount) 
                               To Share first/second/final A/c
6.       On receipt of first/second/final call money
                Bank A/c                                              Dr (with the actual amount received)
                                To Share first/second/final call





Journal entries for the issue of shares for consideration other than cash
a. When property is acquired
   Property or Asset A/c                     Dr (with cost)
               To Vendor
b. When shares are issued in exchange for the value of property
      Vendor A/c                                   Dr
      Discount on Issue A/c                              Dr (in case of discount)
                To Share Capital                                     (face value)
               To Security Premium A/c                   (in case of premium)

Journal For forfeiture of shares
               Share Capital A/c                         Dr (with the amount called up, ie amount paid +unpaid)
                Security Premium A/c                    Dr (with the unpaid amount of premium)
                                To Share Allotment              (with the unpaid amount on allotment)
                                To Share Call                           (with the unpaid amount on call)
                                To Discount on Issue of Shares A/c (if shares are issued at discount)
                                To Forfeited Shares A/c    (with the amount paid excluding premium)


 Journal For re issue of forfeited shares
Bank A/c                                                             Dr (amount received on re-issue)
 Discount on Issue of Shares A/c           Dr (with the amount of original discount if the   
                                                                                               Shares originally were issued at discount)         
   Forfeited Shares A/c                                      Dr (with the discount or loss on re-issue)
                                To Share Capital A/c                             (with the amount credited as paid up)
                                To Security Premium A/c                   (with the amount of premium on re-issue)
If all forfeited shares have been re-issued, the credit balance left in the Forfeited Shares A/c being a capital profit should be transferred to Capital Reserve A/c by passing the following journal entry:
                Forfeited Shares A/c                                      Dr
                                To Capital Reserve A/c
                If only a part of the forfeited shares have been re-issued, only the profit on shares which have been re-issued is transferred to Capital Reserve A/c.


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Saturday, 17 August 2013

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Equivalent Units

The Concept of equivalent units is used in process costing. Process costing is used when the manufacturing of product consists of several  repetitive processes and the products are homogeneous. The output of preceding process will be the input of succeeding process. The inputs like raw material, labor will be added into the processes at different time intervals as per the requirement

Equivalent unit is the expression of partly completed unit (work in progress) in to a notional quantity of completed units. For example; we have 1000 partly completely units and it is assumed that they are 60% complete with regard to material and conversion costs (labor and overheads), equivalent units will be 600 units (1000 X 60%)

Equivalent units are measured to find out the cost per unit of output, value of finished production, value of work-in-progress at the end of a period
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Thursday, 28 February 2013

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UNDERWRITING OF SHARES AND DEBENTURES

Underwriting is an agreement where by the underwriters ensure the company that in case the shares and debentures offered to the public, are not subscribed by the public to the extent, the balance of shares and debentures will be taken up by the underwriters.

The firms or persons who are engaged in underwriting are called underwriters. The commission payable to underwriters for underwriting is known as underwriting commission.

Advantages of Underwriting
1. The company is sure of getting the value of shares issued
2. It enhances goodwill of the company
3. It facilitates wide distribution of securities
4. The company gets expert advice from underwriters in the matter of marketing securities
5. It fulfills requirement of minimum subscription

Provisions regarding Underwriting
1. A company cannot pay any commission on the issue of shares unless permitted by its Articles.
2. Commission cannot be paid to any person for shares or debentures which are not offered to the public for subscription.
3. The commission is limited to 5% of issue price in case of shares and 2 ½ % in case of debentures. However, in practice, SEBI has allowed underwriting commission only at the rate of 2.5% of issue price of equity shares.
4. The amount or rate of commission should be disclosed in the prospectus.
5. The directors must state in the prospectus that the underwriters are capable of meeting their obligations under the underwriting contract.

Types of Underwriting
1. Open Underwriting (Conditional Underwriting)
Under this type of underwriting, the underwriter agrees to take up shares or debentures only when the issue is not subscribed by the public in full.
2. Firm Underwriting
When an underwriter agrees to buy a definite number of shares or debentures in addition to the shares or debentures he has to take under the underwriting agreement, it is called firm underwriting. Even if the issue is over subscribed, underwriters are liable to take up the agreed number of shares in case of firm underwriting.

Marked or Unmarked Application
Generally shares or debentures of a company are underwritten by two or more underwriters in an agreed ratio. Usually the forms are stamped with the name of the underwriters in order to distinguish the forms of one underwriter from that of others. Such stamped applications when received are called marked applications. The application forms which are received by the company without any name of the underwriter are called unmarked applications

Journal Entries in the books of the Company
1. In case the whole of shares or debentures are not taken up by the public, the remaining is allotted to underwriters. The entry is:
            Underwriters A/c                                                  Dr
                                To Share Capital A/c
                                To Debentures A/c
                (Balance of shares and debentures allotted to underwriters)
2. For commission due:
            Underwriting Commission A/c                          Dr
                                To Underwriters
3. For payment of commission:
                Underwriter A/c                                                    Dr
                                To Bank                                                                (cheque)
                                To Share Capital A/c                          (shares)
                                To Debentures A/c                              (debentures)
4. For the balance amount due from underwriters received:
                Bank A/c                                                               Dr
                                To Underwriters A/c

Determination of Liability in respect of Underwriting Contract
a) When issue is fully underwritten (without Firm Underwriting)
            When the entire issue has been underwritten by one underwriter, the liability of the underwriter is calculated as follows:
Liability = No. of shares underwritten – Total no. of application
If the entire issue has been underwritten by two or more underwriters, all unmarked applications are divided between them in the ratio of gross liability of individual underwriter.
Liability of each underwriter is calculated as follows:
Gross liability according to the agreed ratio                                       ………..
Less: Marked applications                                                               ………..
            Balance left                                                                          ………..
Less: Unmarked application in the ratio of gross liability                    ………..
                        Net liability                                                                          ………...
b) When the issue is fully underwritten (with Firm Underwriting)                                     
  Liability of each underwriter is calculated as follows:
Gross liability according to the agreed ratio                                       ………..
Less: Marked applications (excluding firm underwriting)                       ………..
            Balance left                                                                          ………..
Less: *Unmarked application in the ratio of gross liability                  ………..
                        Net liability                                                                          ………...
            Add: Firm underwriting                                                                    …….......                      
Total liability                                                                                               …………

* No. of Unmarked application = Total subscription excluding firm underwriting – Marked application excluding firm underwriting + Application under firm underwriting.

c) When the issue is partially underwritten
Liability = Gross Liability – Marked application + Firm underwriting (if there is firm underwriting)
Note: If no information is given regarding marked and unmarked application, marked application is calculated as follows:
Marked applications = Total No. of application received x % of underwriting
Underwriting Account
            This account is prepared by the underwriter to ascertain the profit or loss on underwriting. It is a nominal account and is prepared like a P/L A/c                      



FROM VARIOUS FINANCIAL ACCPUNTING BOOKS

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